HS Code 28.21 – Iron oxides and hydroxides; earth colours containing 70% or more by weight of combined iron evaluated as Fe2o3

HS code 2821 is a 4-digit heading in the Harmonized System that covers: Iron oxides and hydroxides; earth colours containing 70% or more by weight of combined iron evaluated as Fe2o3. HS Code 2821 comprehensively covers iron oxides and hydroxides, alongside natural earth colours containing 70% or more by weight of combined iron, evaluated as Fe2O3. This heading encompasses a vital range of inorganic chemicals, from synthetic iron oxides like hematite (red), magnetite (black), and goethite (yellow) to natural pigments such as ochres, siennas, and umbers, provided they meet the specific iron content threshold. The scope is defined by the chemical nature (oxides/hydroxides of iron) and, for earth colours, a strict minimum of 70% Fe2O3, differentiating them from less concentrated natural minerals or prepared pigments classified elsewhere. Key sub-categories include various grades of synthetic iron oxides used as pigments, catalysts, and magnetic materials, as well as processed natural iron oxide pigments. This classification is crucial for trade compliance as these materials are fundamental inputs across diverse industries, from paints, plastics, and construction materials to cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and advanced magnetic applications. Accurate classification ensures correct duty rates, adherence to chemical regulations (e.g., REACH, TSCA), and proper documentation for hazardous materials where applicable. Historically, iron oxides are among the oldest pigments, with modern industrial demand driven by their versatility and cost-effectiveness. This heading sits within Chapter 28, representing basic inorganic chemicals, serving as foundational building blocks for more complex products.

Red iron oxide pigment, yellow iron oxide pigment, black iron oxide pigment, synthetic hematite, magnetite powder, iron hydroxide slurry, limonite pigment, natural ochre, burnt sienna, raw umber, iron oxide nanoparticles, magnetic iron oxide, ferrite precursors, iron oxide for water purification, iron oxide for cosmetics, iron oxide for animal feed, iron oxide for brake pads, iron oxide for anti-corrosion paints, iron oxide for plastics coloring, iron oxide for ceramics

Common misclassifications under HS 2821 often arise from confusing raw materials with processed chemicals or prepared mixtures. Traders might incorrectly classify iron ores (HS 2601) under 2821 if they overlook that 2821 requires the material to be in an oxide/hydroxide form suitable for chemical or pigment use, not primarily for iron extraction. Another error is classifying prepared pigments, such as those mixed with extenders, binders, or other colouring agents, under 2821 instead of HS 3206 (Other colouring matter; preparations). The critical 70% Fe2O3 threshold for earth colours is also frequently missed, leading to incorrect classification if the natural pigment falls below this concentration.

In 2025, the top exporters of HS code 2821 in UN Comtrade data were China ($288M, 40% of world exports), the United States ($48M) and Italy ($43M). World exports came to about $719M, adding countries' reported figures and partner-based estimates for those that did not report (UN Comtrade data). Countries that did not report 2025 data are estimated from partner records, which can understate them.

In 2025, the top importers of HS code 2821 in UN Comtrade data were the United States ($214M, 22% of world imports), China ($76M) and the United Kingdom ($38M). World imports came to about $983M, adding countries' reported figures and partner-based estimates for those that did not report (UN Comtrade data). Countries that did not report 2025 data are estimated from partner records, which can understate them.

HS code 2821 is a 4-digit heading under Chapter 28 of the Harmonized System. The first 2 digits (28) identify the chapter, and digits 3-4 (21) specify the heading. This code contains multiple 6-digit subheadings for precise product classification.